William Tracy Gould and Anne McKinne Gardiner Gould
It’s hard to convey to people exactly how connected the nation was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. No telephone, no Internet, no wi-fi. And yet, when we begin to do research on nearly any artifact or document with a relationship to one of the students, we inevitably find that they were acquainted or related with so many others. We recently purchased a letter on e-bay written by William Tracy Gould’s sister-in-law to his wife who was visiting Litchfield. As you may know, William Tracy Gould was the son of James Gould, who taught at the Litchfield Law School with Tapping Reeve. Following his studies, the younger Gould moved to Georgia where he opened a law school of his own. He married Anna Gardiner of Augusta, with whom he had three children.
I began research to locate life dates of the author, Elizabeth G. Rose, and from basic searches of a few genealogy sites, was able to determine that this was Anna Gardiner’s sister. Several sources indicated that Gould’s wife was a widow upon their marriage, but I believe they had confused her with another Anna McKinne, and that McKinne was his wife’s given middle name, as it was her mother’s maiden name. According to the genealogy sites I checked, the Anna McKinne who was a widow of Joseph McKinne did not have a sister named Elizabeth.
I would like to say that what happened next is unusual, but I fear it is not. I fell down the rabbit hole of the LLS social network. I happened upon an article about James Gardiner, who had the same parents listed as Elizabeth. I began to read it in the hopes of finding further genealogical information. What I found was far more interesting. James was the editor of a newspaper in Augusta. In 1861, he wrote a series of editorials endorsing Eugenius Aristides Nisbet (LLS 1823) for the governorship of Georgia. He went on to publish a literary journal, and one of its contributors was Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (LLS 1813). He later endorsed Horace Greeley in his bid for the Presidency. Greeley’s wife had attended the Female Academy in 1827.
As if that isn’t enough to convince you it’s a small world, it turns out that Elizabeth’s husband, Arthur Gordon Rose, had been married previously to Elizabeth Wigg Barnwell whose brother, William Wigg Barnwell attended the Litchfield Law School in 1817. Having found the information I was seeking, I stopped, though I’m sure this is only a snippet of who was on their list of friends. Now to update all of those Ledger pages!
Additional Information:
In addition to the Ledger pages linked to above, these are resources that helped me in my research:
The Institute of Museum and Library Services awarded a grant of $24,750 to the Litchfield Historical Society for a one-year project, Improving Access: CollectionSpace and ArchiveSpace to enhance public access to the Society’s collections through modifications to its databases. You may wonder what that has to do with Professor Lyon’s Trick Oxen. Currently, users who want to find what we have on the topic have to know where to look. The first stop might be a search of Archon, our database of finding aids (tools to help locate information within a collection of documents), followed by a search of CollectionSpace, our database for museum objects.
Assuming the researcher knew to look in both places, s/he would find a ribbon printed for the Columbian Exposition, and a finding aid for a small collection of papers. Upon the completion of the grant project, users will be able to retrieve all related materials in one fell swoop. In addition, they will be able to “tag” photographs, artifacts, and documents using a new social tagging feature. Finally, rather than seeing the archivist’s biography of the creator (here, Professor Lyon) in the finding aid, and the curator’s biography in the collectionspace record, users will see only one biographical note, and staff will only need to create one. While you await this amazing enhancement, please enjoy a few selections from the collection.
According to other documents in the collection, Lyon’s cattle won four first prizes at the World’s Fair. They were said to, “march, waltz, stand cross-legged, kiss, walk on their knees, perform on pedestals, roll a turntable, roll a ball, perform on a barrel, sit, lie down, jump over, walk backwards, ride the turntable, etc.”
Litchfield, Connecticut transformed within its first century from a scrappy frontier town to a bustling commercial center. The town, settled by citizens from Hartford and Windsor in 1721, attracted many residents who had marketable skills and a desire to establish a stable community. One of these early settlers was Asa Hopkins, grandfather and namesake of the well-known clock and musical instrument maker of the same name. Trained as a wood turner, Hopkins established himself in the Northfield section, located in the southeast corner of Litchfield. Four generations of Hopkins craftsmen would prosper there in related businesses, adapting to Litchfield’s changing post-Revolutionary War economy.
Clock Reel, W. Hopkins
Born in Hartford in 1719, Asa Hopkins moved to Litchfield sometime around 1740 and married Abigail Harris a year later. Abigail was the only child of Litchfield settler Joseph Harris, who was famously killed by local Native Americans while clearing his land in 1723. As one of the original settlers of Litchfield, Harris owned a considerable amount of land. Abigail had inherited 700 acres from her father’s estate. To this, Asa added 300 acres in Northfield and built his homestead there. Asa and Abigail had three children: Asa, Harris, and Abigail.
Asa worked as both a turner and a farmer. His 1767 inventory listed livestock and farming equipment along with 14 turning tools, 3 turning lathes, a work bench, turning wheel, and assorted augers, chisels, and saws. His prodigious collection of tools and luxury items such as a clock, silver-hilted sword and belt, and three beds and bedsteads (the best one appraised at seven pounds), indicate Asa was successful.
His son Harris apprenticed as a turner under his father. In 1764, Harris married Margaret Peck, and they settled in Northfield. Harris’s homestead included a dwelling house, a carpentry shop, and a blacksmith shop. A surviving example of a clock reel stamped “HOPKINS” is attributed to Harris and is now part of a private collection.
Spinning Wheel, J. Hopkins
Harris and Margaret had seven children. The two older sons, Joseph and William, continued the family tradition by training as turners and making spinning wheels and clock reels. Both men married and built homes in Northfield near their father’s house on present-day Campville Road. Several examples of their work survive today. The Litchfield Historical Society owns one great wheel and one clock reel stamped “JHOPKINS” and one great wheel and two clock reels stamped “WHOPKINS.” The turning patterns on the legs of the brothers’ products are very similar, demonstrating their shared training and possible collaboration in production.
Harris’s third and youngest son, born in 1779, was named Asa, like his grandfather. It is presumed that he also apprenticed under his father or older brothers, but Asa did not himself become a turner. By the late 18th century, spinning wheels, though still used in many homes, were no longer as vital to a household economy as they once had been. As early as the 1790s, consumers with sufficient means could outsource their cloth production, as evidenced by ads carried in Litchfield’s local newspaper The Weekly Monitor for weavers, dyers, and tailors. In addition, local merchants such as Julius Deming, Benjamin Tallmadge, and Elias Cowles imported goods from Europe and the East and West Indies. Making homespun cloth had gone out of style.
Asa may have seen in his brothers’ shops the decreased demand for spinning wheels and clock reels. He began manufacturing clock works [how are these different from reels?] around 1810. He was soon joined by his nephew, Joseph’s oldest son, Orange Hopkins. In 1816, the two craftsmen and fellow Northfield resident Lorain Bates entered into a partnership together; they did not, however, create a unifying name for their business. Asa and Orange continued to work in the same shop but maintained their individuality. The Litchfield Historical Society owns two tall case clocks marked “Orange Hopkins,” and the American Clock & Watch Museum in Bristol owns a tall case clock marked “Asa Hopkins.”
In 1825, the pair sold the clock shop, and Orange moved to Oneida County, New York. Asa remained in Northfield and in 1827 began building a new shop along the Naugatuck River. Two years later he entered into a formal partnership with Litchfield merchant Luke Lewis to begin manufacturing flutes and other woodwind instruments.
Flute, Asa Hopkins
It is not clear why Asa switched from clock manufacturing to musical instruments. Possibly, faced with increasing competition from clocks makers in Thomaston, Bristol, and Plymouth, Asa sought a different market. His earlier decision to enter the clock business instead of turning spinning wheels indicates a business savvy and flexibility in a changing economic market. His training as a turner and years of creating wooden clock parts allowed him to easily transition into musical instrument making. Asa’s new business prospered and he remained in Northfield until 1836, when he sold his shop and moved to New Haven.
Asa was not the only Hopkins craftsman to diversify his training and jump into a new market. His nephew Edward Hopkins opened a shelf-clock factory on the Naugatuck River. It is believed that Edward apprenticed under his uncle Asa since he, too, chose to manufacture clocks. Like his uncle, Edward showed an understanding of the changing market and interest in profiting from the latest trends. Shelf clocks, also known as scroll and pillar clocks, were quickly surpassing tall case clocks in popularity. Smaller and less expensive, they appealed to middle-class consumers.
Edward went into business with his brother in-law Augustus Alfred. Manufacturing clocks under the name Hopkins & Alfred, the two men built a factory on the Harwinton side of the Naugatuck River in 1820 and remained in business until 1827. The factory manufactured both 30-hour and eight-day wooden clock movements.
Shelf Clock, Hopkins & Alfred
Like his uncles, father, and grandfather, Edward used the Naugatuck River to power his factory. Manufacturing had changed, however: Though some work still needed to be done by hand, the majority of the work was done by machine. To increase productivity, Hopkins & Alfred acquired one engine lathe (or large lathe), three smaller turning lathes, and two pinion lathes.
For four generations, the Hopkins family prospered in the Northfield section of Litchfield. With a legacy of wood-working training, Asa, Orange, and Edward Hopkins—the best-known of the many Hopkins men working in the turning trades—took the skills imparted to them by their forefathers, evaluated the current economy, and seized opportunities to create new, more marketable products. The existing examples of their craftsmanship stand as a testament to their familial connections and ingenuity.
This morning I started to wonder when door-to-door trick-or-treating became a custom. After a quick Internet search, it seemed likely that it was sometime in the 1950s. I turned to the Litchfield Enquirer to see what was going on in town mid-century. While I did not find mention of door-to-door candy collecting, I did find that townspeople were definitely celebrating Halloween.
I started my search in 1954, and found the article to the left about the Lion’s Club’s annual party which began in 1953. I also found this mention of a party at the East Litchfield Volunteer Fire House:
And this great advertisement for the Litchfield Food & Bakery Co. Aren’t those prices amazing!
I then forwarded the film reel to 1955 (yep, we’re kickin’ it old school with a working microfilm reader) and found that the Lion’s Club event was even bigger. The article above gives all the details for those who wanted to participate. The one to follow reports on the actual event.
How long did the Lion’s Club continue this tradition? And were children trick-or-treating at houses during these years? Please share your recollections of Litchfield’s Halloween traditions!
The following are excerpts from a poem by a Grace Stone Field, the pen name of Mrs. Charles I. Page. It was printed along with the Historical Society’s annual report from August 9, 1912. The recording secretary of the time, Elizabeth C. Barney Buel, believed this tribute to Harriet Beecher Stowe to be Grace Stone Field’s “masterpiece”…”very beautiful–a true artistic gem.”
In the first few stanzas Field tackles Stowe’s impact on the fight against slavery, but also pays tribute to her writings on New England and its “quaint or queer” citizens in a later stanza (Poganuc People, anyone?).
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Tribute
Shall we twine a greener tendril in the laurel crown she wears?
Shall we add a fresher flower to the garland that she bears?
Shall we say, of one long silent, that she speaks again today?
Shall we prate of her and praise her in some trite, perfunctory way?
Nay, she heeds nor praise nor blaming, dwelling with the immortals now;
We can add no glint of glory to the nimbus round her brow–
But her own achievements land her, speaking with a certain voice
Through the lips of dusky thousands who but name her to rejoice.
Let us rather say God put her in the time and place he planned,
Set a task that men might shrink from her slender woman’s hand;
Made her mighty among women, made her strong to dare and do–
Closed her fingers round her weapon, small and trenchant, too;
And with sympathy diviner than the sympathy of men
She made plain the bondsman’s sorrows with her tiny, potent pen;
Stirred the feeble, laggard impulse, set the northern heart on fire!
Woke the wavering, sluggard conscience to a splendid brave desire.
…
Thus she wrote, yet lighter fancies wove and wrought within her brain
And she sketched our fair New England, lovely valley, pleasant plain;
Wrote of tender hearts that fluttered under manners more austere
Of the Puritan descendants, stern and solemn, quaint or queer.
